BIOL S401 Contemporary Biology Development (Free Courseware)

Stem cell research

We’ll begin with a brief introduction to the two main types of stem cells, embryonic and adult stem cells. We’ll then discuss stem cell potency. The second section “Stem cells in research and diseases management” will focus on the opportunities and roles of stem cells in diseases and medical research. Stem cells 1 have a special position in contemporary biological sciences due to their unspecialized characteristics and continuous proliferation. We will focus in particular on the areas of diabetes and neuron regeneration.

BIOL S401, like most OUHK courses, is presented in the distance learning mode using print-based materials. The materials for this free courseware have been specially adapted to make them more suitable for studying online. Stem cell research has aroused ethical concerns in the cancer research field and in society in general, especially with regard to stem cells harvested from human beings. Different sources of stem cells — human embryonic and adult stem cells — have led to different controversies. This module will first discuss the types of stem cell sources, followed by opportunities for research. Finally, we will introduce the ethical concerns related to stem cell research, addressing the importance of the balance between research and ethics.

Types of human stem cells

The human body is made up of billions of cells working together to maintain the normal function of life. These cells are formed or divided from a fertilized egg. The egg splits into two cells and further divides into four cells and so on. The process continues until all the cells in the body are generated. Specialized cells group together and form tissues to complete a unique task, such as nerves and muscles. Cells are divided in a controlled manner to maintain their normal function. When cells are damaged or cell death occurs, the surrounding cells help the replacement by further cell division. However, when the damage cannot be repaired, diseases or medical problems may arise. Disruption of the normal process of embryo development by radiation, chemicals or viruses may lead to birth defects. For example, fetal alcohol sp ectrum disorder is the brain cell death of an embryo that has been exposed to the toxic effects of alcohol during the developmental stages. This damage is irreversible even after the removal of the alcohol, resulting in growth deficiencies and retarded brain development.